Stock Market :: essays research papers

1929 Stock Market Crash   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On October 3, 1929 The Dow Jones started to drop from a recent high of 381. The average of the Dow Jones then kept dropping throughout the week of October 14. The night of Monday October 21,1929, margin calls were heavy, and numerous Dutch and German sell calls came in overnight for the Tuesday morning opening. On Tuesday morning, out-of-town banks and corporations called in $150 million of call loans, and Wall Street was in a panic before the New York Stock Exchange opened. On October 24, 1929, people began selling their stocks as fast as they could. Sell orders flooded market exchanges. On a normal day, only 750-800 members of the New York Stock Exchange started the Exchange. However, there were 1100 members on the floor for the morning opening. The Exchange then directed all employees to be on the floor since there were numerous margin calls and sell orders placed overnight and extra telephone staff was arranged at the members' boxes around the floor. The Dow Jones Industrial Index closed at 299 that day. October 29 was the beginning of the Crash. Within the first few hours the stock market was open, prices fell so far as to wipe out all the gains that had been made in the previous year. The Dow Jones Industrial Index closed at 230. Since the stock market was viewed as the chief indicator of the American economy, public confidence was shattered. Between October 29 and November 13 over $30 billion disappeared from the American economy. It took nearly t wenty-five years for many stocks to recover. The causes of the stock market crash were overpriced stocks, margin buying, federal reserve policy, and public official’s repeated statements. Many people believe the stock shares were priced too high and the crash brought it down back to a normal level. The new President of the Federal Reserve Board Adolph Miller tightened the monetary policy and set out to lower the stock prices since he perceived that speculation led stocks to be overpriced, causing damage to the economy. Also, starting from the beginning of 1929, the interest rate charged on broker loans rose tremendously. This policy reduced the amount of broker loans that originated from banks and lowered the liquidity of non-financial and other corporation that financed brokers and dealers. Also Herbert Hoover publicly stated that stocks were overvalued and that speculation hurt the economy.

Micheal Jordan

Basketball is a team sport with five players per team. There’s a center, power forward, small forward, point guard, and shooting guard. Brought up in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, it has become one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in America. The objective of basketball is to shoot a round ball into a hoop placed ten feet in the air. Basketball consists of many rules and regulations or fouls. There are two types of fouls: technical fouls and disqualifying fouls. Today there are two leagues: the NBA (national basketball association) and the WNBA or women’s basketball association.Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn New York. He began to try to start his sports career by playing all available sports in high school. His junior year he was recruited to the University of North Carolina to play college basketball and from there he was drafted third overall to the Chicago Bulls in 1997 were his career starts and he becomes the widely popul ar icon you know. Michael started his team with a championship and an MVP award for himself. Jordan â€Å"transcended† basketball and became a national icon for great artistry, dignity, and history. Michael is very popular and has many nicknames.He had names that transcended basketball. Names such as â€Å"Air Jordan â€Å"and â€Å"His Airness â€Å" but he’s best known by his initials M. J. Jordan was very well known and acknowledged by big stars. He starred in the movie â€Å"Space Jam† and was the star of the movie â€Å"Like Mike†. He has his own shoe line that came out in 1985 and is called Air Jordan’s which are widely popular and sponsored by Nike. Jordan is sponsored by many companies and he has been in many commercials supporting them. He has been in commercials such as Wheaties, Gatorade, McDonalds, Nike, and many more. Jordan has been to the Olympics twice for basketball.He has been to Los Angeles in 1984 where he and his team took the gold. He also went to Barcelona in 1992 with his â€Å"Dream Team† were they took the gold again. He’s also been to two other American games were he also took the gold. He was in the FIBA American Games in Portland during 1992 and the Pan American Games in Caracas during 1983. Michael is now forty-six years old and owns the Charlotte Bobcats and other sports teams. He retired early in the 2004 season to his house in Wilmington, North Carolina. Jordan retired with over three hundred million dollars in his bank account.He has three kids, two boys Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan Jr. He also has a daughter Jasmine Jordan who was his youngest child. Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls who are one of the most popular and decorated teams in American history. The team was founded in 1966 by Dick Klein. Their owner is Jerry Reinsdorf their general manager is Gar Forman and their head coach Tom Thibodeau. The team has an estimated value of 600 million dollars. The team has won six championships and six MVP awards. Their also the only team in recorded history to win seventy-two games in one season.There part of the central division and the eastern conference. Their colors are white, black, and red. And they have an era devoted to M. J. called the Michael Jordan era which took place in the years 1984 through 1998. Michael Jordan is the biggest idol in basketball and sports history. He is widely known and very popular. Michael changed basketball history. He was a turning point in basketball that led the basketball world to new heights by inventing the â€Å" dunk â€Å" and many other things that are natural to see in basketball now. He changed basketball its fans and the world.

Justify the Means - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 528 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Ethics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Ku Klux Klan Essay Movie Essay Did you like this example? Does â€Å"the end justify the means†? Does â€Å"The end Justify the means†. In the movie, Mississippi Burning, the end justifies the means in a way because when you think about it most of the time there are certain limitations to getting what you want. In the movie the only way to get the Ku Klux Klan to confess and give each other to the police was to trick them and make them think that the Ku Klux Klan was after them. In other occasions around the world at the time it was not always necessary to hurt or kill people just to get what you want. Even though it was not necessary people still did it even though they did not have to (they wanted to). In the Mississippi burning the white people might have thought they had a right to hurt/kill Negro people just because they were scared of them and thought they were better then them. That is still no good reason. Proof of the white people hurt the Negroes and damaging their land, crops, and livestock is at the begi nning of the movie as the credits where going across the screen there was a Negro church burning in the background. Throughout the movie we see that the â€Å"White Knights† are burning down Negro’s homes and barns along with the livestock inside them. All this evidence shows the brutality in Mississippi at that time. There was no reason to kill the three young activists. Especially not the reason that the Ku Klux Klan had (one man was a Negro). Even though the Ku Klux Klan did not have a good reason to do what they did the Federal Bureau of Investigation should still not have done what they did. The end was right but the means were wrong. The Federal Bureau of Investigation should have done what they had been doing but they should have tried a little harder to find someone that would speak to them so they could get the rest of the names. They could have also done what they did and get the weakest link to tell just by interrogation rather than what they had did a nd scared him and his family so bad the he would do anything to not get harmed. What they did was smart but not needed; they could have found a way to do it a different way like offer to reduce jail time and give him protection. They should have stayed with the Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, Ward, tactics and ask around until they found someone who will talk or someone from the Ku Klux Klan that is worried about being arrested. If they had done that instead of fighting back then they would have not made a bad choice. Even though the Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Anderson’s idea to get them to talk was a good one that worked out fine it was still wrong to do that no matter how bad it was that they did. All in all, the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s entire entire end methods did work it was not done in a justice way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Justify the Means" essay for you Create order

US Department of Homeland Security and Individual Privacy

Introduction DHSs primary tasks are to foster the sharing of foreign and domestic intelligence information between federal, state, and local intelligence and law enforcement agencies and improve border security. This has important implications in terms of personal privacy. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Individual Privacy The primary oversight responsibility for Constitutional violations lies with the public, but much of what DHS does is cloaked in secrecy. Hypothesis: The court records of DHS lawsuits will reveal whether DHS represents a threat to individual privacy. The cloak of secrecy that DHS operates behind implies that the courts must play a larger oversight role. Is this occurring? An informal search of library records for DHS privacy lawsuits returned 428 hits in Government documents, 232 in journal articles, and 197 in newspaper articles. There should be ample evidence contained in these records to determine whether DHS is violating individual privacy rights systematically. Results The plaintiffs suing DHS for privacy violations cover a range of topics, including full body searches and body scans at airports, watchlist errors and abuses, Predator drone surveillance domestically, and data collection, use, and storage by fusion centers. Automated License Plate Readers (Klein, 2012) Full Body Scans (EPIC, 2012b) Full Body pat downs (EPIC, 2012b) Monitoring Social Media (EPIC, 2012a) Watchlists (Pamuk, 2012) Conclusions AShow MoreRelatedPersonally Identifiable Information Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagestaken to protect our privacy will make us more aware of PII. As we continue to utilize the technology available, we expose ourselves to become donors of PII. Having knowledge of what PII is and how information is being compiled to identify our interest is necessary when accessing computer technology of today. Understanding Our Responsibility Regarding Personally Identifiable Information There are all kinds of companies, agencies, and groups that collect information about us every time we logonRead MoreThe Creation Of The Dhs1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Creation of the DHS The Department of Homeland Security is liable for establishing the safety and defense of the U.S. from terrorism and natural disasters. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America by terrorists, Department of Homeland Security’s main concern has been on federal measures to prevent terrorism attacks and handle other crisis situations. When the Department of Homeland Security was created it had four goals: to diminish America’s vulnerability to terrorism byRead MoreThe Government s Background Investigation Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: The US government’s background investigation process for individuals seeking employment with US Federal, State, and Local government agencies and private sector organizations is an important part of US homeland security. Through a thorough investigation of an individual’s biographical, residential, employment, education, military, medical, financial and legal histories, etc., information regarding an applicant’s background is obtained and a report of investigation (ROI) is prepared and submittedRead MoreProtecting Yourself Against the Treats of Cyberspace1022 Words   |  5 PagesCyber Security It seems like everyone in today’s society has access to a computer, a cell phone, or some other type of technology that allows information to be passed from one person to another through space. With your private information out there in cyberspace, clever thieves are finding ways to access your personal informational and to steal from you without you even knowing about it until it is too late. The thieves are taking your personal data and using it to gain access to your accountsRead More Computers and Homeland Security Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesComputers and Homeland Security Homeland Security is one of the most important departments in the United States. The United States Department of Homeland Security job is to reduce our vulnerability to terrorism and lead a national effort to help prevent terrorist attacks on our nation (Computer Concept, pg. 50). As technology evolves over the course of time, computers end up playing a crucial role in homeland security. Computer systems are used throughout everydayRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-QaedaRead MoreThe Impact Of Legislation On An Organization854 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Anthony CSIA 412 Prof. Andrea Simpson March 29, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction In the past decade, every individual, and organizations did paperwork with a typewriter and a cabinet or book shelf to store their files. These days our old ways is been replaced by computers and databases or cloud. This in order words mean that government organization like the department of veterans affairs do their workload with computer, databases as to the old days. This modern change makes some organizationRead MoreAftermath of 9/11; Congress Acts Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesBush said to us in the basement of the White House on the night of 9/11, ‘You have everything you need’â€Å" (Clarke). It was a desperate time for the national government as everyone needed to do the most they can. All the counter terrorism agencies received an increased funding after the event of 9/11 as Congress also threw in tens of billions of dollars to deal with the al-Qaeda threat. However one of the most significant action, by far, Congress took was the passage of The Homeland Security Act in 2002Read MoreProtecting Us Citizens And Important Infrastructure876 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Protecting US citizens and important infrastructure which have impact on national security, economic security or public health and safety from cyber-attacks is one of the recent congressional interests and the internet protection is also needed. Initial there was an approach to ensure the operations of critical infrastructure and larger economy regulatory framework is needed. There came an argument that these regulatory schemes may not improve cybersecurity and it increases the costsRead MoreList And Describe At Least Three Technologies That Allow An Individual To Research Citizens Private Data.1124 Words   |  4 PagesValue of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age List and describe at least three technologies that allow an individual to research citizens private data. This is an era of massive violations of privacy rights and individual liberties due to the new technologies of surveillance, data mining, electronic monitoring, biometric chips, spamming, hacking, phishing, and security breaches at major private and public institutions. These new technologies make the protection of privacy rights far more

Poetic Techniques of Wilfred Owen Essay - 1511 Words

Wilfred Owen can be considered as one of the finest war poets of all times. His war poems, a collection of works composed between January 1917, when he was first sent to the Western Front, and November 1918, when he was killed in action, use a variety of poetic techniques to allow the reader to empathise with his world, situation, emotions and thoughts. The sonnet form, para-rhymes, ironic titles, voice, and various imagery used by Owen grasp the prominent central idea of the complete futility of war as well as explore underlying themes such as the massive waste of young lives, the horrors of war, the hopelessness of war and the loss of religion. These can be seen in the three poems, ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and†¦show more content†¦Para-rhymes, in Owen’s poetry, generate a sense of incompleteness while creating a pessimistic, gloomy effect to give an impression of sombreness. Strong rhyming schemes are often interrup ted unexpectedly with a para-rhyme to incorporate doubt to every aspect of this Great War. Who are the real villains and why are hundreds of thousands of lives being wasted in a war with no meaning? In ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, the consistent sonnet rhyming scheme is disturbed by a half rhyme, â€Å"guns †¦ orisons†, to show how the soldiers all died alone with only the weapons that killed them by their side, and a visual rhyme, â€Å"all †¦ pall† to indicate that the reality of war is entirely the opposite to what it seems - no glory, no joy and no heroism, but only death and destruction. Owen occasionally works with this technique in a reverse approach to create similar thought. For instance, the assonance, consonance and half rhyme based poem, ‘The Last Laugh’, contains an unforeseen full rhyme, â€Å"moaned †¦ groaned†, to emphasise that nothing is ever fixed in war except the ghastly fact that the weapons are the tr ue winners. Different forms of Para rhymes often work together with common schemes to ably bring out the main ideas of Owen’s poetry. The purpose of war is again in question through the ironic titles evidenced in most of Owen’s poems. In ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’, the sweet and fitting death is contrasted against the bitter andShow MoreRelatedHow Does Wilfred Owen Explore the Horror of War Through the Power of Poetry?1110 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen, War Poems and Others How does Wilfred Owen explore the horror of war through the power of poetry? Throughout the several poems Wilfred Owen wrote throughout his experience during the First World War, he explores many themes in relation to the war and the emotions associated with these. One of the most prevalent ideas Wilfred Owen chooses to emphasise in many of his poems is that of the sense of horror associated with war and all the consequences of it such as those including deathRead MoreWilfred Owen Techniques1135 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owens war poetry Good morning/afternoon teacher and peers, Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Oswestry (United Kingdom). He wanted to be a poet from the age of nineteen although most of his famous work is that which he wrote in his years spent in the war where he died in 1918. The preface to Owens poetry read: â€Å"This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominionRead MoreWilfred Owens War Poetry1219 Words   |  5 Pagescivilians at home, who continued to write about the noble pursuit of heroic ideals in old patriotic slogans (Anthology 2012: 2017). Those poets who were involved on the front soon realized the full horror of war, which is reflected in their poetic techniques, diction, and imaginations. Campbell (1999: 204) refers to their poetry as trench lyric, which not only calls attention to the poems’ most common setting, but also the accompanying images of filth, barbed wire, shell fire, and so forth. The genreRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est and Ninety Years Ago952 Words   |  4 PagesRupert McCall and Wilfred Owens are two very different poets, from two very different times, with two very different poems. The two poems give very different messages about the poet’s opinion of war and conflict. Ninety Years Ago is a poem written by R upert McCall in 2005 about the legend of the ANZACs. The poem was written to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli campaign. Dulce Est Decorum Et was written by Owen Wilfred in 1917 about Owens experiences in WW1. Owen wrote this poem asRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesProtest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one of the leading voices of the first world war. In January 1917, Owen was deployed but he was innocent to the realism of war. In April, he sustained shell-shockRead MoreWilfred Owen Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen’s poetry effectively conveys his perspectives on human conflict through his experiences during The Great War. Poems such as ‘Futility’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ portray these perceptions through the use of poetic techniques, emphasising such conflicts involving himself, other people and nature. These themes are examined in extreme detail, attempting to shape meaning in relation to Owen’s first-hand encounters whilst fighting on the battlefield. Wilfred Owen experiences many innerRead MoreWho s For The Game?1531 Words   |  7 Pagesgame? written in 1916 by Jessie Pope which attempted to recruit men to the army by creating an unrealistic, glorified image of war and Dulce et decorum est written by Wilfred Owen in October 1917 which provides a horrific yet realistic insight into life as a solider. Within Who s for the game? , Pope uses various poetic devices to create a jovial, ebullient image of war. Pope rhetorically asks Who ll grip and tackle the job unafraid? / And who thinks he d rather sit tight?, before metaphoricallyRead MoreAnger and Injustice Described in Wilfred Owens Poem Dulce et Decorum est1033 Words   |  5 PagesDecorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during World War One, and is probably the most popular war-poem ever written.The title is part of the Latin phrase Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori which means It is sweet and right to die for your country. Wilfred Owen saw the war first-hand and this poem is about a gas attack that he witnessed. Throughout this poem Owen gives the sense of anger and injustice through the use of many different poetic techniques. Wilfred Owen emphasises the conditionRead More Disabled By Wilfred Owen Essay543 Words   |  3 PagesDisabled By Wilfred Owen In my essay,Disabled by Wilfred Owen. I am going to describe how successfully he uses poetic techniques to present the true effects of war in his poem. The main technique used in the poem is contrast, as well as other techniques. Which makes the fate of the young man more pitiful. The use of irony, word choice, and powerful images, all create the sense of atmosphere in each stanza. The contrast of mood and tone is used in the first and second stanza, which createsRead MoreThe Soldier By Rupert Brooke And Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen1367 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ by Wilfred Owen are two World War One era sonnets, both making a comment on what it means to die in war. The two poets show very different views on war, as both had very different experiences in war. Rupert Brooke died before he made it to war, his poem highlights the soldier as a hero and glorifies dying in war, in contrast Wilfred Owen shows a grittier side to death in war, as he experienced war first hand and his poem is real and brutal

Ethics as a Socio-Technical Approach for Databases - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthics as a Socio-Technical Approach for Databases. Answer: About Socio-Technical Design In the modern times there are diverse categories of Information technologies that includes databases, connoisseur systems, cloud-computing applications, transaction-processing systems, internet based systems, assessment support systems and much more. The applications of these systems are different from the worldwide Internet based systems to the personal based systems (Peppard and Ward 2016). This report deals about the early development of ETHICS system and how it has altered with time. This report further investigates about the fact how the ETHICS is a new socio-technical approach to the information systems in the modern times. The socio-technical coordination design plan was the outcome of the efforts of a group of societal scientists who collaborated at the end of the World War II and formed the Tavistock Institute of Human relationships in London. The Tavistock institute was a clinic that used therapeutic procedures that apprehended with the psychological health and individual development. This was the preliminary objective of the institute, although gradually these ideas were implemented on the workers of the various industries (Chai and Kim 2012). Development of ETHICS ETHICS was a participational method that has been developed by Professor Enid Mumford that has been based on her socio-technical experiences. This term is also defined as ETHICS (Effective Technical And Human Implementation of Computer based Systems). ETHICS is also referred as a socio-technical approach that recognizes the collaboration of systems, technology and people that is in turn effective in producing outputs that are equally technically effective and had social characteristics that ultimately leads to a higher job satisfaction. The ETHICS approach was formulated on the investigation and study of case studies that revolved around failures of many systems that followed more traditional courses and directions based on the technical and economic factors (Mumford 2013). From these case studies and observation it was finally justified that the development of the information systems was not something that was related to the technical issue but it was more related to the organizational issues that was instrumentally concerned and subjected to the process of change. The earlier models of ETHICS was related and concerned with the facts that ensured about the users being contented with their jobs and the effort to determine the influence of information technology on their jobs as well as the perception of the fact that these technologies were considered as the mediator of the changes within the organization. Stages of ETHICS The individual users, managers and the IT staffs were the main persons who used to incorporate this method using the different stages of ETHICS. This methodology was extended to the consideration related to the issues that signifies the availability and dependability after they were introduced into the system. The earlier stages of ETHICS possessed seven stages but gradually these stages were expanded to fifteen levels and stages. These stages of ETHICS have been briefly cited below. Stage 1 Need for these changes Stage 2 The identification of the system boundaries and limitations Stage 3 Description and the definition of the pre-existing system structure Stage 4,5 and 6 Characterization of the key purpose and the tasks that needs to be achieved Stage 7 Diagnosis or identification of the effective changes Stage 8 Identification of the job satisfaction needs amongst the employees or individuals Stage 9 Future analysis Stage 10 Specifying and measuring of the job satisfaction levels Stage 11 Organizational designing of the new system Stage 12 The technical specifications Stage 13 preparation of a full detailed analysis of the work design Stage 14 Implementation Stage 15 Evaluation or Calculation Criticism of ETHICS and its rectification ETHICS faced a number of criticisms in the process of application. Criticism came in form of feedbacks such as, unskilled or less capable users cannot design, the organizational management to reject the system, it revoke the right of the managers to monitor and analyze the crisis and it is a slow and costly method in terms of staff, time and efforts (Stahl 2012). In order to mitigate these concerns over the applications of ETHICS, a more advanced and developed system known as QUICK ethics (Quality Information from Considered Knowledge), that was fundamental in developing and retain the managerial interests. Thus, it can be justified that ETHICS is one of the newer and advanced way for the socio-technical development in organizations. This advanced and innovative way to measure and analyze the failures and effectively manipulate the job satisfaction amongst the employees and the organizational management is one of successful procedures in the information systems module. References Chai, S. and Kim, M., 2012. A socio-technical approach to knowledge contribution behavior: An empirical investigation of social networking sites users.International Journal of Information Management,32(2), pp.118-126. Mumford, E., 2013.Values, technology and work(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Stahl, B.C., 2012. Morality, ethics, and reflection: a categorization of normative IS research.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,13(8), p.636.

Project Manager Roles and Responsibilities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Project Manager Roles and Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction Business ethics are the standards and principles which define an acceptable behaviour in business environment(Ferrell, Hirt, Ferrell, 2016). Code of ethics differentiates members of a professional body from those who have similar qualifications. In this report, after briefing the ethical dilemma faced by Test engineer and Project manager at Occidental Engineers, consequences for various stakeholders will be discussed. The report will also point out the ethical grounds based of which Occidental Engineers indulged in aggressive bidding. It will also cover what duties do Wayne and Deborah have as test engineer and project manager respectively, before the software is rolled out. Finally, possible alternatives to solve this ethical dilemma will be suggested. What is ACS Code of Conduct? Australian Computer Society (ACS) is a recognized association of information and communication technology (ICT) professionals. It has around 25,000 members from all over Australia(www.acs.org.au, 2017). ACS was formed on January 1, 1966. ACS has established a Code of professional conduct in which it has listed six core ethical values and parameters of professional conduct(Australian Computer Society , 2014). All the members of ACS are required to abide by these values while performing all their professional activities. The aim of developing this code was to define acceptable standards of conduct for IT Professionals(Burmeister, 2000). Ethical Dilemma Ethical Dilemma can be defined as a situation where there is a conflict between two or more ethical principles(Allen, 2017). In business ethics are concerned with making right choices when managers have to make choices which create tension between ethics and profits. In this case, Occidental Engineers, software firm which is in the midst of a financial crisis, bids for a project by quoting figures lower than the actual costs. US Federal Aviation agency gives the contract of developing an air traffic control system to Occidental Engineers. It is agreed that Occidental engineers will deliver this software after two years. In spite of limited financial resources and understaffed team the software was developed, but, at the time of testing it was found that if there are too many aircrafts the system might lose track of one or more of them. Now three days before the delivery the test engineer does not want to release faulty software and asks for extension and on the other hand, Project Ma nager does not want to jeopardize the career of her team members by missing the deadline and asks the team to do a quick patch instead. Wayne Davidson (Test Engineer) As a test engineer Wayne is aware of the fault in the prototype. Now he has two choices in front of him i) to release the software in next three days after mending the code with a quick patch or ii) to refuse to roll out the software till it meets all the specification and is tested thoroughly, which will take 30 more days. At this point of time Wayne is aware of following duties: He must keep Project manager informed of all the challenges or additional costs which might impact the timely delivery of software. Running extensive tests on software to determine that it meets all the specifications and is free from defects (Johnson, 2017). Deborah Shepherd (Project Manager) As a Project Manager, Deborah is aware that delivering this software on time is important for the firm to uphold its reputation and to save the jobs of those working on this project. Now she has to choose between following options i) deliver the software in 3 days by covering the fault to meet the deadline or ii) inform the client about the defect and ask for extension. Right now Deborah is aware of following duties: Meeting the deadline of the project without exceeding the budget. Maintain the relationship with client and other stakeholders. Project manager is also responsible for safeguarding the interests of her team members and to uphold their morale (Project-Management.com, 2015). Why Occidental Engineers quote a figure below estimated costs? From the case study it is clear that Occidental Engineers had bid less than the actual cost it would bear in developing the software. They did so to beat their competitors and to improve their financial condition. From the point of view of ethics their decision to bid aggressively can be justified by Utilitarianism. According to(Eggleston, 2012) utilitarian theory of ethics judges the actions as right or wrong based on the outcomes of those actions. Utilitarianism can be identified by following characteristics: a) Consequentialism, b) welfarism, c) individualism, d) aggregation and e) maximisation. In this particular case, Occidental Engineers was aiming to achieve two things firstly, improve its financial condition and secondly, job security for its employees. It is clear that by aggressively bidding for the project Occidental Engineers was actually looking at the greatest good for the greatest number. Consequences for US Federal Aviation Agency US Federal Aviation Agency accepted a bid in which quoted amount was clearly below the actual cost of doing the project. By accepting such a bid US federal aviation agency might face following consequences: It has been seen that in cases where the contract was given to lowest bidder the completed work did not completely addressed the needs of clients and was expensive to maintain(Markus, 1997). In this case, if Occidental Engineers decide to deliver the product as is than US Federal Aviation Agency would have to bear additional costs for improving the software. Another consequence of accepting faulty software would be increased risk of accidents. If this software is put to use and it loses track of one or more airplanes this can put the lives of passengers travelling in such airplanes at risk. Accepting a bid way below the actual costs puts the officials handling the bid under scanner. Sanctioning such a bid can raise questions over the integrity and intensions of those who sanctioned the bid in first place. Lastly, if Occidental engineer decides to deliver the software as it is US Federal Aviation Agency all the money spent by them for last two years will go in wane and if Occidental Engineers ask for extension of deadline it will again result in added costs for US Federal Aviation Agency. Other Stakeholders Following is the list of stakeholders who will be affected by this bid: Company: If Occidental Engineers decide to deliver the software with the fault it will affect their goodwill in a negative manner and if they ask for extension to rectify the issue it will result in extra costs for them when they are already struggling financially. Team of developers: Employees of Occidental engineers might have to lose their job. It has been mentioned in the case study that if the deadline of project is not met or if the software delivered is not up to the mark employees might have to pay with their jobs. Finally, the passengers traveling by airplanes monitored by such faulty software are at the risk of meeting with an accident if the software loses track of their airplane. Alternative Solutions Analysing this case by keeping Codes of professional ethics given by ACS in perspective following are the alternatives Wayne and Deborah have in front of them to ethically resolve their issues: Letting the client know about the defect: The third code of ethical conduct guides the professionals to be honest about their services and products. As per this code Occidental Engineers should clearly tell US Federal Aviation Agency about the fault and be prepared to do whatever the client seems well. Cover the fault with a quick patch: It is the responsibility of every IT professional to work towards completion of work within timeframe. To honour the deadline the team can initially add few codes to solve the issue for the time being. This way the client will receive the product in time but the quality would be compromised. Deliver competent software: Finally, Occidental Engineers can ask for extension of deadline and rewrite the code to eliminate the defect and finally deliver a completely functional and fault free software to its client. Conclusion Code of ethics developed by ACS define guidelines for ethical conduct of IT Professionals. IT professionals like any other professionals face ethical dilemmas in their day to day work life. In this case Wayne and Deborah faced ethical dilemma over delivery of faulty software. With the help of ACS code of ethics it was concluded that they could i) release the software as is and be ready for repercussions, ii) secondly they can let the client know of the defect or iii) finally, they can ask for extension to fix the fault. Bibliography Allen, K. (2017). What Is an Ethical Dilemma? 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